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Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

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il est droit à l'ouest du Tchou-kiupo (Kök-yar, s. above p. i9); du côté du sud, on arrive aux mon-

tagnes Hiuen-tou   It (des passages suspendus); au nord, (le pays) touche à Sou-le (Kachgar); à l'ouest,
à Hou-mi (Wakhân); au nord-ouest, au royaume de I' an-han (Ferghânah). Il a son centre administratif

au milieu des Ts ong-ling; sa capitale s'appuie sur la rivière T'ou-tot   (for Hsi-to it   = Sītā).... Au

sud-ouest se trouvent les montagnes T`eou-t`ong   lU (montagnes céphalalgiques). Les Ts ong-ling sont

appelés communément montagnes Ki-i j   Ill (montagnes du doute extrême); ils entourent ce royaume.

Tzú-ho was stated by FA-RIEN to be situated north of the Tsung-ling. Here its distance from the mountains is said to be 300 li, corresponding to Fa-hien's four days'

journey. So the Tit/IT-ling is in that place again the modern Chiragh-saldi=davan.I Southwest from Kashgar one enters in the narrow valley Chien-nzo in the mountains Pu jen leading to Tash-kurgan, a road which may be identical with the valley of the Ge:-darya. South of Tash-kurgan are the »Hanging Passage», though it is not said how far. The Pu-jen mountains or Kashgar range are obviously a part of the Ts`ung-ling, as Tash-kurgan is said to be in the middle of the Ts` ung-ling. South-west of Tash-kurgan are the Headache mountains (T`ou-t`ung). We are told that the ordinary name for the Tsung-ling is the mountains of Extreme Doubt, and that the kingdom of Tash-kurgan is surrounded by the Tsung-ling mountains. Tsung-ling or Che-i is thus the general name for the whole Pamir, though some of its ranges have especial names.

Of Wu-ch`a (Udyāna) it is said:2

Du côté de l'Est, il est à six cents li de distance du Pou-lu (vallée de Gilghit); du côté de

l'ouest, il est à quatre cents li de distance du Ki pin (Kapiça). Les montagnes et les vallées y forment

une suite continue.

And under the heading »Notice sur le Ki-tin (Kapiça)» :

Le Ki-pin (Kapiça) est le royaume de Ts ao de l'époque des Soei. Il se trouve au sud des

Ts ong-ling; il est à plus de douze mille li de la capitale ... .

CHAVANNES in a note shows that this geography is absolutely erroneous, and that

the kingdom Ts ao in the Sui epoch was situated to the north of the Tsung-ling, while

the Chi pin of the Tang was south of the same mountains. This misunderstanding arises   .;
from the fact that the same names have different significations during different epochs (Han, Sui and Tang). Chavannes proves that the kingdom Ts ao of the Sui epoch was

situated north of the Tsung-ling, which he in this case identifies with the Hindu-kush.4

In the »Notice sur le Sogdiane» our mountains are again mentioned:5

C'étaient à l'origine des Yue-tche qui résidaient autrefois dans la ville de Tchao-ou, au nord

(des monts) K` i-lien.6 Ayant été battus par les Tou-kiue, ils se retirèrent graduellement vers le sud

en s'appuyant sur (les monts) Ts ong-ling et entrèrent ainsi en possession de ce territoire.

Chao-wu was in the Han epoch situated N. W. of Kan-chou in Kansu, north of the

Nan-shan. How the Yüeh-chih retiring southwards could have any contact with the

Tsung-ling mountains is not quite clear. Further on it is said that the territory of Sua-

shih (Suj= Tokmak) was more than 2000 li N. E. from the Ts'ung-ling. »Vers le sud-ouest,

il y a plus de deux mille li pour arriver aux Ts ong-ling. » 7

THE TS`UNG-LING ACCORDING TO THE T` ANG ANNALS

I V. supra, p. 29 et seq.

2 Chavannes, rang shu, Book CCXXL, a, p. I2 r°, p. 128.

3 Loc. cit., p. 130.

4 Op. cit., p. 13o, note 2.

5 Chavannes, T` ang shu, Book CCXXI, 6 p. 1 et seq., p. 132.

6 Ch` i-lien is a part of the Nan-shan in N. W. Kansu.

7 Op. cit., p. 143.

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